Sri Madhwacharya (1238 – 1317 A.D)
“Whatever form any devotee with faith, wishes to worship, I make that faith of his steady” – Srimad Bhagavad Geeta (7:21)
Sri Madhwacarya was born around 1238 A.D., in a village called Tulunada, about eight miles south-east of the modern town of Udipi, in the Karnataka State. He is reputed to be the incarnation of Bhima, taking birth in Kali-yuga to destroy the daityas. Others refer to him as Vayu himself and it was his life’s mission to defeat the followers of Mayavadi philosophy.
He was born in the family of very elevated brahmins and from his early childhood performed many amazing pastimes, such as the killing of a huge serpentine demon named Maniman, simply with the big toe of his leftfoot. Madhava was only eight years old when he received spiritual initiation and at the age of twelve he accepted the sannyasa order and began to travel the length and breadth of India.
He enjoyed a long life of robust health. He engaged in various forms of sport and physical exercise in his youth, such as wrestling, swimming and even mountaineering, which he kept up to the very end. He had very handsome features with a strong muscular frame, tall and strong-limbed with graceful carriage and dignified bearing. Endowed with a magnetic personality and traditional thirty-two laksanas, he had a deep sonorous voice and good musical talent, which he used to advantage in Vedic recitation and in singing the soulful strains of his own devotional compositions and in giving open air discources on the Bhagavata Purana, with its rolling melody of verses.
His life, as described in the Madhwa vijaya, is the narrative of a born leader of men. Madhwa recognized the soul of man to be potenially divine; but man, in the ignorance of his true status, has lost his soul to his body and its cravings, and needs to be awakened by God himself or His devotees. He became a student under Acyutapreksa, who came in the order of Ekanti-Vaisnavas of the Ekadandi order. Madhwa entered the sannyasa order and was given the name Purnaprajna.
During his study of the sastras he became convinced about the inherent weakness in the Advaita philosophy and developed a keen desire to revive the theistic science of Vedas with his own thorough reinterpretation of the texts.
After only a short time in his studies, frequent disagreements of views arose between himself and his teacher. Acyutaprajna could see that Purnaprajna was destined to make history for himself and made him head of the Math. On that memorable occasion Purn aprajna was given another name “Anandatirtha” and later adopted the name Madhwa.
Madhwacarya spent some time teaching and engaging outstanding scholars belonging to Buddhist, Jain and Advaita Sampradayas, in logical and philosophical discussions and vanquishing them in debates. He set out to propagate his teachings and travelled exte nsively throughout South India. He visited Kanyakumari, Ramesvaram and Sri Rangam holding discources on the Brahmasutras and openly criticizing Sankaracarya’s Bhasyas on the Sutras. Giving his own interpretations he soundly defeated all he encountered and naturally roused a good deal of opposition from the leaders of the old schools of thought. At Kanyakumari he met with stiff opposition from an Advaitic monk of great learning who challenged him to write a fresh commentary on the Brahmasutras before he ven tured to criticize the time honored one of Adi Sankaracarya. Madhwa assured him that he would be doing so, in good time. At Srirangam he came in contact with the followers of Acharya Sri Ramanuja and after exchanging veiws with them, noted his own points of ag reement and difference with them. This South Indian tour gave him great resolve to set out on his first tour of North India.
Madhwacarya was anxious to go to Badarikasrama and receive personal inspiration from a visit to the asrama of Vyasadeva. After staying forty-eight days at Badarinath, fasting, praying, meditating and dedicating his Gita-Bhasya to the Lord, Madhwacarya was inspired to go to the hermitage of Vyasa. He went there all alone and after gaining the personal darshan of Vyasadeva himself and learning from him, returned after some months, glowing with divine inspiration and wrote his Bhasya on the Brahma-Sutras.
Journeying through Bihar, Bengal, Orissa, Andhrapradesa, Maharashtra and Karnataka, he returned to Udipi. On his way back from Badarikasrama, Madhwacarya challenged many eminent scholars of the day. Prominent among these were two outstanding scholars, Swami Sastrin and Sobhana Bhatta, known as masters of the six systems of philosophy. Madhwacarya soundly defeated these two who subsequently became his disciples known as Narahari Tirtha and Padmanabha Tirtha respectively.
Madhwacarya’s fame and prestige had grown considerably and his commentaries on the Gita and Brahmasutras had made their mark and were widely recognized and respected. In his Math in Udipi he introduced strict codes of conduct for his followers, introduce d the system of Pistapasuyagas (offerings made from flowers), in place of actual animal sacrifices in yajnas and imposed the rigorous observance of fasts on Ekadasi. To foster a sense of fellowship among his disciples he installed a beautiful deity of Lor d Krsna.
Once, as Madhwa was travelling in the association of his disciples he arrived in Sri Navadwipa and decided to spend some days within the forests of Modradumadvipa.
One night, as Madhwa lay sleeping, Lord Gauranga appeared to him in his dream. The Lord told Madhwa, “It is well known to everyone that you are My eternal servitor. When I appear here in Navadwipa, I will accept your sampradaya. Travel everywhere and care fully uproot all the false scriptures of the mayavadis and reveal the glories of worshipping the personal form of the Supreme Personality of Godhead. Later, when I appear, I will personally broadcast your pure teachings.” The Lord then disappeared.
When Madhwa awoke, he was astonished and as he remembered the Lord he began to cry in separation, saying, “Will I ever see that beautiful golden form again?” A celestial voice from the sky replied, “Worship Me secretly and you will come to Me.” Carrying these instructions within his heart, Madhwa continued his travels more determined than ever to defeat the mayavadi philosophers.”
During a meeting between King Jayasimha, the Ruler of Kumbla and Madhwacarya, a historic disputation developed with the Ruler’s Court Pandit, Trivikrama Pandit, who was the foremost authority on Advaita-vedanta. Trivikrama engaged Madhwacarya in a vigoro us debate for fifteen days, at the temple of Kudil and was defeated by the Acharya. He sought to become a disciple of Madhwacarya and was readily admitted. He was then commissioned to write a commentary on the Brahma-Sutra Bhasya, and named it Tattva-pradipa.
An interesting incident took place during his second trip to North India. With the country under tight control of the Persian invaders, travelling became very hazardous. With Madhwacarya’s knowledge of Persian, his courage and tact in handling difficult situations and his ability to rise to equal occasions with dignity and complete self-possession, he was able to escape from potentially dangerous encounters. One such episode took place with his meeting with Sultan Jalal-uddin-Khilji. Political hostilities were on at the time. Madhwacharya and his party were forced to swim across the Ganges to the other side. They were halted on reaching the shore and were taken to the Ruler who called upon Madhwa to explain his conduct in disobeying orders and crossing th e river when hostilities were on. Madhwacarya spoke to the Ruler in his own language, convincing him on the importance of his mission in the cause of Theism.
After completing many commentaries and original erudite works, establishing prominant Matta’s and sending out well-chosen veterans to preach and propagate his siddhanta all over the country, while seated during a shower of flowers, Madhwacarya disappeared from vision and transferred himself to Badarikasrama. There he still remains.
Sri Madhwacahara’s Teachings:
- His philosophy is Dvaita.
- Brahman is Hari or Visnu definable to an extent by the Vedas.
- He has a transcendental form, Vayu has, Incarnations are His parts and Laksmi is distinct.
- The qualities of Brahman are it is fully independent, the cause of all causes, supreme bliss, devoid of false attributes but possesses all qualities.
- The soul is atomic, it pervades the body by intelligence, infinite in number, Karta and Bhokta.
- Creation is the actuation of what is in the womb of matter and soul by the action of Brahman.
- The cause of bondage is the divine will of the Supreme and ignorace of the soul (svarupa).
- The process of release is through whole hearted devotion, study of the Vedas and detached karma.
- The goal is to gain release from samsara and restoration of one’s own individual form.
